Faithful Hands Academy Llc

Regulation: 3270.123(a)(3)

Description: Services proceeded

Noncompliance Area: Several children's records did not contain a child service report that had been completed within the past 6 months. (#1, #2, #3, and #4)

Correction Required: The services to be provided to the family and the child, including the Department's approved form to provide information to the family about the child's growth and development in the context of the services being provided. The operator shall complete and update the form and provide a copy to the family in accordance with the updates regarding emergency contact information in § 3270.124(f) (relating to emergency contact information). Complete and submit a current up-to-date child service report for the indicated child. Ensure that child service reports are completed for all children as specified in this regulation.

Regulation: 3270.124(f)/3270.181(c)

Description: Updated every 6 months/Emergency info/agreement updated 6 mos

Noncompliance Area: Emergency contact and financial agreement information in four children's records were not being updated every 6 months.(#1, #2, #3 and #4)

Correction Required: The parent shall update in writing emergency contact information once in a 6-month period or as soon as there is a change in the information. A parent is required to review and update the emergency contact information and the financial agreement at least once in a 6-month period or as soon as there is a change in the information. Obtain and submit current up-to date emergency contact and financial agreement information for the identified children. Revise and submit written policies and procedures to ensure that children's emergency contact and financial agreement information is updated at least every 6 months or as soon as the information changes.

Regulation: 3270.171(a)

Description: Pick-up and drop-off points

Noncompliance Area: The operator lacked verification of the annual written notification to local traffic safety authorities of the location of the facility and the program's use of pedestrian and vehicular routes around the day care facility.

Correction Required: An operator shall notify local traffic safety authorities annually in writing of the location of the facility and the program's use of pedestrian and vehicular routes around the child care facility. Provide and submit verification of written notification of the location of the facility and the program's use of pedestrian and vehicular routes around the day care facility to the local safety authorities as specified. Ensure that this notification is sent annually.

Regulation: 3270.176(a)

Description: Insured

Noncompliance Area: The facility provides transportation and lacked written verification that the vehicle is insured in accordance with the requirements of 75 Pa.C.S. § § 1701-1799.7 (relating to the Motor Vehicle Financial Responsibility Law.

Correction Required: A vehicle shall be insured in accordance with the requirements of 75 Pa.C.S. § § 1701-1799.7 (relating to the Motor Vehicle Financial Responsibility Law). Obtain and submit written verification of insurance coverage for the vehicles used to transport children.

Regulation: 3270.27(b)

Description: Plan reviewed/updated annually

Noncompliance Area: There was no written documentation indicating that the emergency plan had been reviewed and updated within the past 12 months in accordance with 55 PA CODE 3270 regulations.

Correction Required: The operator shall review the emergency plan at least annually and update the plan as needed. The operator shall document in writing each review and update of the emergency plan and kept on file at the facility. Submit a written copy of the updated emergency plan. Ensure that the plan is reviewed and documented in writing annually as specified.

Regulation: 3270.27(e)

Description: Letter to parents

Noncompliance Area: The letter given to parents regarding the emergency plan did not explain the emergency procedure (lockdown and accommodations for infants, toddlers and children with chronic medications) as required in 3270.27 subsection a.

Correction Required: The operator shall provide to the parent of each enrolled child a letter explaining the emergency procedures. The operator shall also provide to the parent of each enrolled child a letter explaining any subsequent update to the plan. Revise the letter given to parents to ensure that it explains the emergency procedures (lockdown and accommodations for infants, toddlers and children with chronic medications) as required in 3270.27 subsection a. Submit a copy of the revised letter.

Regulation: 3270.31(e)(4)(ii)

Description: Fire safety - 1 yr.

Noncompliance Area: One staff person's record did not contain written verification of annual fire safety training. (#1)

Correction Required: Staff persons shall participate, at least annually, in firesafety training conducted by a fire protection professional. Staff persons and volunteers shall receive training in maintenance of smoke detectors, the duties of facility persons during a fire drill and during a fire and the use of the facility's fire extinguishers, not including discharge of the fire suppressant agent. Obtain and submit written verification of annual fire safety training for the identified staff person. Ensure that annual fire safety training is completed annually as specified.

Regulation: 3270.123(a)(3)

Description: Services proceeded

Noncompliance Area: Two children's records did not contain a child service report that had been completed within the past 6 months. (#1 and #2)

Correction Required: The services to be provided to the family and the child, including the Department's approved form to provide information to the family about the child's growth and development in the context of the services being provided. The operator shall complete and update the form and provide a copy to the family in accordance with the updates regarding emergency contact information in § 3270.124(f) (relating to emergency contact information). Complete and submit a current up-to-date child service report for the indicated children. Ensure that child service reports are completed for all children as specified in this regulation.

Regulation: 3270.131(b)(2)

Description: Toddler/preschool: updated health report every 12 months

Noncompliance Area: One child's record did not contain a health report completed within the past 12 months as required for children older toddler age to preschool age.(#3)

Correction Required: The operator shall require the parent to provide an updated health report at least every 12 months for an older toddler or preschool child. Obtain and submit a current up-to-date health report for the indicated child. Ensure that an updated health report is obtained every 12 months for children older toddler to preschool age.

Regulation: 3270.14/3270.21

Description: Pertinent Laws & Regulations/General Health and Safety

Noncompliance Area: The facility's written policies on shaken baby syndrome, abusive head trauma, and child maltreatment did not include the identification and prevention of child maltreatment.

Correction Required: A facility shall be operated in conformity with applicable Federal and State laws and regulations. State agencies whose regulations may relate to the operation of a facility include the Department of Environmental Resources, the Department of Labor and Industry, the Department of Health, the Department of Education and the Department of Transportation. Conditions at the facility may not pose a threat to the health or safety of the children. Revise and submit the facilities policies to include the identification and prevention of child maltreatment.

Regulation: 3270.14/3270.21

Description: Pertinent Laws & Regulations/General Health and Safety

Noncompliance Area: Several staff persons were observed caring for a child and their record did not contain verification of completed CCDBG training (10 hour) and/ or PA Update (1 hour) required prior to working with children unsupervised. (#3 and #7)

Correction Required: A facility shall be operated in conformity with applicable Federal and State laws and regulations. State agencies whose regulations may relate to the operation of a facility include the Department of Environmental Resources, the Department of Labor and Industry, the Department of Health, the Department of Education and the Department of Transportation. Conditions at the facility may not pose a threat to the health or safety of the children. Staff persons must complete the CCDBG training that is required prior to working with children unsupervised. Submit written verification of the completed training.

Regulation: 3270.25(a)

Description: Availability of certificate of compliance and applicable regulations

Noncompliance Area: The operator did not post the facility's current certificate of compliance in a conspicuous location used by parents.

Correction Required: The facility's current certificate of compliance shall be posted in a conspicuous location used by parents. The operator shall provide the parent of each child enrolled with information on how to access the regulations in this chapter electronically and with instructions for contacting the appropriate regional child care office. Post the facility's current certificate of compliance in a conspicuous location used by parents.

Regulation: 3270.27(c)

Description: Training regarding plan

Noncompliance Area: Several facility person's records did not include written verification of annual emergency plan.

Correction Required: The operator shall assure that each facility person receives training regarding the emergency plan at the time of initial employment, on an annual basis and at the time of each plan update. The operator shall document the date of each training and the names of all facility persons who received the training and kept on file at the facility. Provide and submit written verification of the completed emergency plan training for all identified facility persons. Ensure that emergency plan training is completed and documented upon initial employment and annually.

Regulation: 3270.27(e)

Description: Letter to parents

Noncompliance Area: The letter given to parents regarding the emergency plan did not explain the emergency procedure /updates to the plan as required in 3270.27 subsection a.

Correction Required: The operator shall provide to the parent of each enrolled child a letter explaining the emergency procedures. The operator shall also provide to the parent of each enrolled child a letter explaining any subsequent update to the plan. Revise the letter given to parents to ensure that it explains the emergency procedures/ and updates to the plan as required in 3270.27 subsection a. Submit a copy of the revised letter.

Regulation: 3270.31(e)(4)(ii)

Description: Fire safety - 1 yr.

Noncompliance Area: Several staff person's records did not contain written verification of annual fire safety training.(#3, #4, #5 AND #7)

Correction Required: Staff persons shall participate, at least annually, in firesafety training conducted by a fire protection professional. Staff persons and volunteers shall receive training in maintenance of smoke detectors, the duties of facility persons during a fire drill and during a fire and the use of the facility's fire extinguishers, not including discharge of the fire suppressant agent. Obtain and submit written verification of annual fire safety training for the identified staff persons.

Regulation: 3270.32(a)/3270.192(4)

Description: Comply with CPSL/CPSL information

Noncompliance Area: The facility was not in compliance with the CPSL and with Chapter 3490 (relating to protective services): Several staff person's record did not contain the required CPSL hiring documents. (#3-FBI clearances more than 60 months old - updated clearance not completed by Intego), (#7 hired 3/9/24- STATE POLICE, CHILD ABUSE, and FBI more than 60 months old)

Correction Required: The operator shall comply with the CPSL and with Chapter 3490 (relating to protective services). LACKING REQUIRED HIRING DOCUMENTS: A facility person's record shall include a copy of requests for the criminal history record and child abuse registry clearance information, a copy of the disclosure statement and a copy of the completed clearance information required under the CPSL. Facility Person #3 and #5 may not work in a child care position at the facility the required CPSL documents have been obtained, completed and submitted as specified. Submit a copy of the required, completed CPSL clearance documents for the identified staff persons. Ensure that all staff persons (new and existing) have the required CPSL clearance documents within the required timeframes in accordance with the CPSL.

Regulation: 3270.36(b)(5)

Description: HS/GED + 2 yrs

Noncompliance Area: Several staff person's record did not contain written verification of education for their assistant group supervisor position. (#2, #6 and #8)

Correction Required: An assistant group supervisor shall have a high school diploma or a general educational development certificate and 2 years experience with children. Obtain and submit written verification of education for the identified staff persons. Ensure that all staff records have written verification of education and experience for their positions.

Regulation: 3270.123(a)(3)

Description: Services proceeded

Noncompliance Area: One child's records did not contain a child service report that had been completed within the past 6 months. (#1, #2 and #5)

Correction Required: The services to be provided to the family and the child, including the Department's approved form to provide information to the family about the child's growth and development in the context of the services being provided. The operator shall complete and update the form and provide a copy to the family in accordance with the updates regarding emergency contact information in § 3270.124(f) (relating to emergency contact information). Complete and submit a current up-to-date child service report for the indicated child. Ensure that child service reports are completed for all children as specified in this regulation.

Regulation: 3270.124(b)(7)

Description: Name/address/phone release person

Noncompliance Area: One child's emergency contact information did not include the name, address and telephone number of the individual designated by the parent to whom the child may be released. (#5)

Correction Required: Emergency contact information must include the name, address and telephone number of the individual designated by the parent to whom the child may be released. Obtain this missing information and update the emergency contact form for the identified child. Ensure that all children's records contain emergency contact information as specified in these regulations.

Regulation: 3270.171(a)

Description: Pick-up and drop-off points

Noncompliance Area: The operator lacked verification of the annual written notification to local traffic safety authorities of the location of the facility and the program's use of pedestrian and vehicular routes around the day care facility.

Correction Required: An operator shall notify local traffic safety authorities annually in writing of the location of the facility and the program's use of pedestrian and vehicular routes around the child care facility. Provide and submit verification of written notification of the location of the facility and the program's use of pedestrian and vehicular routes around the day care facility to the local safety authorities as specified. Ensure that this notification is sent annually.

Regulation: 3270.27(f)

Description: Emergency plan

Noncompliance Area: There was no documentation indicating that the operator sent a copy of the emergency plan and subsequent plan updates to the local municipality and to the county emergency management agency.

Correction Required: The operator shall send a copy of the emergency plan and subsequent plan updates to the local municipality and to the county emergency management agency. Send a copy of the emergency plan to the appropriate authorities as specified in this regulation. Submit written documentation of delivery.

Regulation: 3270.32(a)/3270.192(4)

Description: Comply with CPSL/CPSL information

Noncompliance Area: The facility was not in compliance with the CPSL and with Chapter 3490 (relating to protective services): Several staff/facility person's record did not contain the required CPSL hiring documents. (#1-hired 8/13/23- no completed FBI clearance; no completed NSOR) (#5-hired 12/14/23- no completed FBI clearance; no completed NSOR)

Correction Required: The operator shall comply with the CPSL and with Chapter 3490 (relating to protective services). LACKING REQUIRED HIRING DOCUMENTS: A provisional employee may not be permitted to work alone with children and must work within the vicinity of a permanent employee. A facility person's record shall include a copy of requests for the criminal history record and child abuse registry clearance information, a copy of the disclosure statement and a copy of the completed clearance information required under the CPSL. Facility Persons #1 and #3 cannot work in a childcare position at the facility until the required CPSL documents have been obtained, completed and submitted as specified. Submit a copy of the required, completed CPSL clearance documents for the identified staff person/s. Ensure that all staff persons (new and existing) have the required CPSL clearance documents within the required timeframes in accordance with the CPSL.

Regulation: 3270.36(b)(5)/3270.192(2)(ii)

Description: HS/GED + 2 yrs/Exp, educ., training prior to facility

Noncompliance Area: One staff person's record did not contain written verification of education and experience for their assistant group supervisor position. (#1)

Correction Required: An assistant group supervisor shall have a high school diploma or a general educational development certificate and 2 years experience with children. A facility person's record shall include verification of child care experience, education and training prior to service at the facility.

Regulation: 3270.37(b)(3)/3270.192(2)(ii)

Description: 8th grade + 2 yrs/Exp, educ., training prior to facility

Noncompliance Area: One staff person's record did not contain written verification of education and experience for their aide position. (#2)

Correction Required: An aide shall have a minimum of an 8th grade education and 2 years of experience with children. A facility person's record shall include verification of child care experience, education and training prior to service at the facility. Obtain and submit written verification of education and experience for the identified staff person. Ensure that all staff records have written verification of education and experience for their positions.

Regulation: 3270.106(f)

Description: 2 feet apart

Noncompliance Area: Children were observed resting in cribs in the infant room and there was not at least 2 feet of space on three sides of the cribs.

Correction Required: At least 2 feet of space is required on three sides of a bed, cot, crib or other rest equipment while the equipment is in use. Ensure that there is 2 feet of space on three sides of resting equipment when in use. Notify all staff of this requirement and submit written verification of staff notification.

Regulation: 3270.113(a)

Description: Supervised at all times

Noncompliance Area: On 4/17/24, at approximately 1:30pm, a child was observed leaving the preschool classroom and walked in the hallway to the bathroom at the far end of the facility without any staff supervision. The staff person responsible for supervising these children was not in the hallway and could not see, hear, direct or assess the child.

Correction Required: Children on the facility premises and on facility excursions off the premises shall be supervised by a staff person at all times. Outdoor play space used by the facility is considered part of the facility premises. The legal entity must arrange for all facility staff to receive at least 2 hours of DHS approved training in proper supervision of children, including the requirement that staff must be physically present and be able to see, hear and assess and direct the activity of the children. Submit written verification of the completed training for all facility staff persons. The legal entity must also develop a plan for supervision to put practices in place to ensure that children are supervised at all times. Submit written verification of the completed training for all facility staff persons as well as the supervision plan.

Regulation: 3270.113(a)

Description: Supervised at all times

Noncompliance Area: On 4/17/24, at approximately 1:30pm, a child was observed leaving the preschool classroom and walked in the hallway to the bathroom at the far end of the facility without any staff supervision. The staff person responsible for supervising these children was not in the hallway and could not see, hear, direct or assess the child.

Correction Required: Children on the facility premises and on facility excursions off the premises shall be supervised by a staff person at all times. Outdoor play space used by the facility is considered part of the facility premises. Children must be supervised at all times. Ensure that children are supervised at all times.

Regulation: 3270.123(a)(3)

Description: Services proceeded

Noncompliance Area: One child's records did not contain a child service report that had been completed within the past 6 months. (#1, #2 and #5)

Correction Required: The services to be provided to the family and the child, including the Department's approved form to provide information to the family about the child's growth and development in the context of the services being provided. The operator shall complete and update the form and provide a copy to the family in accordance with the updates regarding emergency contact information in § 3270.124(f) (relating to emergency contact information). Complete and submit a current up-to-date child service report for the indicated child. Ensure that child service reports are completed for all children as specified in this regulation.

Regulation: 3270.124(b)(7)

Description: Name/address/phone release person

Noncompliance Area: One child's emergency contact information did not include the name, address and telephone number of the individual designated by the parent to whom the child may be released. (#5)

Correction Required: Emergency contact information must include the name, address and telephone number of the individual designated by the parent to whom the child may be released. Obtain this missing information and update the emergency contact form for the identified child. Ensure that all children's records contain emergency contact information as specified in these regulations.

Regulation: 3270.14/3270.21

Description: Pertinent Laws & Regulations/General Health and Safety

Noncompliance Area: The facilities written policies on shaken baby abusive head trauma and child maltreatment did not include the identification and prevention of child maltreatment.

Correction Required: A facility shall be operated in conformity with applicable Federal and State laws and regulations.State agencies whose regulations may relate to the operation of a facility include the Department of Environmental Resources, the Department of Labor and Industry, the Department of Health, the Department of Education and the Department of Transportation. Conditions at the facility may not pose a threat to the health or safety of the children. Revise and submit the facilities policies to include the identification and prevention of child maltreatment.

Regulation: 3270.166(4)

Description: Bottles labeled

Noncompliance Area: An infant bottle observed in the infant room/main child care space was not labeled with the child's name.

Correction Required: Disposable nursers and bottles shall be labeled with the child's name. Label the bottle with the child's name and ensure that all children's bottles are properly labeled.

Regulation: 3270.171(a)

Description: Pick-up and drop-off points

Noncompliance Area: The operator lacked verification of the annual written notification to local traffic safety authorities of the location of the facility and the program's use of pedestrian and vehicular routes around the day care facility.

Correction Required: An operator shall notify local traffic safety authorities annually in writing of the location of the facility and the program's use of pedestrian and vehicular routes around the child care facility. Provide and submit verification of written notification of the location of the facility and the program's use of pedestrian and vehicular routes around the day care facility to the local safety authorities as specified. Ensure that this notification is sent annually.

Regulation: 3270.27(f)

Description: Emergency plan

Noncompliance Area: There was no documentation indicating that the operator sent a copy of the emergency plan and subsequent plan updates to the local municipality and to the county emergency management agency.

Correction Required: The operator shall send a copy of the emergency plan and subsequent plan updates to the local municipality and to the county emergency management agency. Send a copy of the emergency plan to the appropriate authorities as specified in this regulation. Submit written documentation of delivery.

Regulation: 3270.32(a)/3270.192(4)

Description: Comply with CPSL/CPSL information

Noncompliance Area: The facility was not in compliance with the CPSL and with Chapter 3490 (relating to protective services): Several staff/facility person's record did not contain the required CPSL hiring documents. (#1-hired 8/13/23- no completed FBI clearance; no completed NSOR) (#5-hired 12/14/23- no completed FBI clearance; no completed NSOR)

Correction Required: The operator shall comply with the CPSL and with Chapter 3490 (relating to protective services). LACKING REQUIRED HIRING DOCUMENTS: A provisional employee may not be permitted to work alone with children and must work within the vicinity of a permanent employee. A facility person's record shall include a copy of requests for the criminal history record and child abuse registry clearance information, a copy of the disclosure statement and a copy of the completed clearance information required under the CPSL. Facility Persons #1 and #3 cannot work in a childcare position at the facility until the required CPSL documents have been obtained, completed and submitted as specified. Submit a copy of the required, completed CPSL clearance documents for the identified staff person/s. Ensure that all staff persons (new and existing) have the required CPSL clearance documents within the required timeframes in accordance with the CPSL.

Regulation: 3270.36(b)(5)/3270.192(2)(ii)

Description: HS/GED + 2 yrs/Exp, educ., training prior to facility

Noncompliance Area: One staff person's record did not contain written verification of education and experience for their assistant group supervisor position. (#1)

Correction Required: An assistant group supervisor shall have a high school diploma or a general educational development certificate and 2 years experience with children. A facility person's record shall include verification of child care experience, education and training prior to service at the facility. Obtain and submit written verification of education and experience for the identified staff persons. Ensure that all staff records have written verification of education and experience for their positions.

Regulation: 3270.37(b)(3)/3270.192(2)(ii)

Description: 8th grade + 2 yrs/Exp, educ., training prior to facility

Noncompliance Area: One staff person's record did not contain written verification of education and experience for their aide position. (#2)

Correction Required: An aide shall have a minimum of an 8th grade education and 2 years of experience with children. A facility person's record shall include verification of child care experience, education and training prior to service at the facility. Obtain and submit written verification of education and experience for the identified staff person. Ensure that all staff records have written verification of education and experience for their positions.

Regulation: 3270.51/3270.52

Description: Similar Age Level/Mixed Age Level

Noncompliance Area: On 4/27/24, at approximately 2:00pm staff/child ratios were not in compliance in two classrooms. Staff person #3 was observed caring for a mixed age group of 7 children; 1 infant (birth-12 months), 2 young toddlers (one year olds), 4 older toddlers (2 year olds) in the infant classroom when staff person #2 kept leaving the room to tend to other tasks. Staff person #3 was observed caring for a mixed age group of 11 children: 10 preschoolers (3 years to first day of entering kindergarten) and 1 young school agers (kindergarten to 3rd grade) in the preschool classroom. The ages of the children were verified by staff persons present.

Correction Required: When children are grouped in similar age levels, the following maximum child group sizes and ratios of staff persons apply: Infants 1:4 with a maximum group size of 8; Young toddlers 1:5 with a maximum group size of 10; Older toddlers 1:6 with a maximum group size of 12; Preschool children 1:10 with a maximum group size of 20; Young school-age children 1:12 with a maximum group size of 24; Older school-age children 1:15 with a maximum group size of 30. When children are grouped in mixed age levels, the age of the youngest child in the group determines the staff:child ratio and maximum group size in accordance with the requirements in § 3270.51 (relating to similar age level). The required staff:child ratios must be maintained at all times. Ensure that staff/child ratios are maintained at all times.

Regulation: 3270.51/3270.52

Description: Similar Age Level/Mixed Age Level

Noncompliance Area: The director will conduct daily monitoring checks and staff observations to ensure that staff/child ratios are maintained at all times.

Correction Required: When children are grouped in similar age levels, the following maximum child group sizes and ratios of staff persons apply: Infants 1:4 with a maximum group size of 8; Young toddlers 1:5 with a maximum group size of 10; Older toddlers 1:6 with a maximum group size of 12; Preschool children 1:10 with a maximum group size of 20; Young school-age children 1:12 with a maximum group size of 24; Older school-age children 1:15 with a maximum group size of 30. When children are grouped in mixed age levels, the age of the youngest child in the group determines the staff:child ratio and maximum group size in accordance with the requirements in § 3270.51 (relating to similar age level). The legal entity must arrange for all facility staff to receive DHS approved hands on training in proper staff/child ratios and develop a written staffing plan including provisions for staff shortages and times of transition to ensure ongoing compliance. Submit written verification of completed training for all facility staff persons and a copy of the written staffing plan.

Regulation: 3270.76

Description: Building Surfaces

Noncompliance Area: The door in the infant room was broken and in need of repair.

Correction Required: Floors, walls, ceilings and other surfaces, including the facility's outdoor play space surfaces shall be kept clean, in good repair and free from visible hazards. Make necessary repair to the door. Ensure that surfaces remain in good repair.

Regulation: 3270.82(h)

Description: Handwashing signs

Noncompliance Area: Hand washing signs were not posted at each toilet, sink and diapering area in the facility.

Correction Required: A facility person and an able child shall wash his hands after toileting and before eating. A sign on which this requirement is written shall be posted at each toilet, training chair, diapering area and sink in the facility. Post hand washing signs at each toilet specifying that a facility person and an able child shall wash his hands after toileting and before eating as required.

Regulation: 3270.95(a)/3270.95(b)

Description: Devices must be compliant/Director or designated staff person ensure compliance

Noncompliance Area: The facility's fire detection system was not able to be tested as it is not accessible and there was no annual written documentation from a fire safety professional indicating that the fire detection system has been tested and is operable.

Correction Required: Fire detection devices or systems must be in compliance with standards established under section 1016(c) of the act (62 P.S. §  1016(c)). The Director or designated staff person who is responsible for compliance with this chapter shall ensure the requirements under subsection (a) are met. Submit annual written documentation from a fire safety professional indicating that the fire detection system has been tested and is operable. Ensure that this is done annually and retained with the fire drill log.

Regulation: 3270.111(a)

Description: Written plan

Noncompliance Area: During renewal inspection, cert rep observed missing daily activities schedules from both the infant room and toddler room.

Correction Required: A written plan of daily activities and routines, including a time for free play shall be established for each group. The plan shall be flexible to accommodate the needs of individual children and the dynamics of the group.